The Journal of Experimental Medicine
AbD Serotec: Antibody Detectives
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Published online May 12, 2008
doi:10.1084/jem.20070950
The Journal of Experimental Medicine
The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007 $30.00
© 2008 Aoufouchi et al.
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ARTICLE

 Proteasomal degradation restricts the nuclear lifespan of AID

Said Aoufouchi1, Ahmad Faili1, Carole Zober1, Orietta D'Orlando2, Sandra Weller1, Jean-Claude Weill1, and Claude-Agnès Reynaud1

1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U783, Développement du Système Immunitaire, and Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, 75730 Paris Cedex 15, France
2 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, M.A.T.I. Center of Excellence, Universita degli Studi di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy

CORRESPONDENCE Claude-Agnès Reynaud: reynaud{at}necker.fr OR Jean-Claude Weill: weill{at}necker.fr

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates all postrearrangement processes that diversify the immunoglobulin repertoire by specific deamination of cytidines at the immunoglobulin (Ig) locus. As uncontrolled expression of AID is potentially mutagenic, different types of regulation, particularly nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, restrict the likelihood of AID–deoxyribonucleic acid encounters. We studied additional mechanisms of regulation affecting the stability of the AID protein. No modulation of protein accumulation according to the cell cycle was observed in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. In contrast, the half-life of AID was markedly reduced in the nucleus, and this destabilization was accompanied by a polyubiquitination that was revealed in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. The same compartment-specific degradation was observed in activated mouse B cells, and also in a non–B cell line. No specific lysine residues could be linked to this degradation, so it remains unclear whether polyubiquitination proceeds through several alternatives sites or through the protein N terminus. The nuclear-restricted form of AID displayed enhanced mutagenicity at both Ig and non-Ig loci, most notably at TP53, suggesting that modulation of nuclear AID content through proteasomal degradation may represent another level of control of AID activity.

Abbreviations used: AID, activation-induced cytidine deaminase; CSR, class switch recombination; HA, hemagglutinin; KI, knock-in; LMB, leptomycin B; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; MW, molecular weight; NES, nuclear export signal; NLS, nuclear localization signal; SHM, somatic hypermutation.


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