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¹ Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, Scotland, UK
² Centre for Biophotonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
³ Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
⁴ Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
⁵ Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697

CORRESPONDENCE Paul Garside: paul.garside{at}clinmed.gla.ac.uk OR Michael Cahalan: mcahalan{at}uci.edu

The behavior of antigen-specific CD4⁺ T lymphocytes during initial exposure to antigen probably influences their decision to become primed or tolerized, but this has not been examined directly in vivo. We have therefore tracked such cells in real time, in situ during the induction of oral priming versus oral tolerance. There were marked contrasts with respect to rate and type of movement and clustering between naive T cells and those exposed to antigen in immunogenic or tolerogenic forms. However, the major difference when comparing tolerized and primed T cells was that the latter formed larger and longer-lived clusters within mucosal and peripheral lymph nodes. This is the first comparison of the behavior of antigen-specific CD4⁺ T cells in situ in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissues during the induction of priming versus tolerance in a physiologically relevant model in vivo.

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