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¹ Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection (CMMI), Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
² Xenova Research Ltd., Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom

Address correspondence to Tracy Hussell, CMMI, Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-207-5943091; Fax: 44-207-5943095; email: t.hussell{at}ic.ac.uk

Respiratory infections are the third leading cause of death worldwide. Illness is caused by pathogen replication and disruption of airway homeostasis by excessive expansion of cell numbers. One strategy to prevent lung immune–mediated damage involves reducing the cellular burden. To date, antiinflammatory strategies have affected both antigen-specific and naive immune repertoires. Here we report a novel form of immune intervention that specifically targets recently activated T cells alone. OX40 (CD134) is absent on naive T cells but up-regulated 1–2 d after antigen activation. OX40–immunoglobulin fusion proteins block the interaction of OX40 with its ligand on antigen-presenting cells and eliminate weight loss and cachexia without preventing virus clearance. Reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of lung cells accompanied the improved clinical phenotype. Manipulation of this late costimulatory pathway has clear therapeutic potential for the treatment of dysregulated lung immune responses.

Key Words: costimulation • influenza • weight loss • inflammation

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