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¹ Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY 12983
² Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1AORG, Canada

Address correspondence to Stephen T. Smiley, Trudeau Institute, 100 Algonquin Ave., Saranac Lake, NY 12983. Phone: 518-891-3080; Fax: 518-891-5126; E-mail: ssmiley{at}trudeauinstitute.org

Fibrin, a product of the blood coagulation cascade, accompanies many type 1 immune responses, including delayed-type hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and graft rejection. In those settings, fibrin is thought to exacerbate inflammation and disease. Here, we evaluate roles for coagulation during infection with Toxoplasma gondii, a pathogen whose control requires robust type 1 immunity. We establish that fibrin prevents infection-stimulated blood loss, thereby performing a protective function that is essential for survival. Remarkably, fibrin does not simply protect against vascular damage caused directly by the infectious agent, but rather, protects against hemorrhage evoked by interferon-, a critical mediator of type 1 immunity. This finding, to our knowledge, is the first to document a beneficial role for coagulation during type 1 immunity, and suggests that fibrin deposition protects host tissue from collateral damage caused by the immune system as it combats infection.

Key Words: cellular immunity • interferon type II • toxoplasma • blood coagulation • hemorrhage

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