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¹ Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France
² Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, Institut Pasteur, F-75024 Paris Cedex 15, France
³ Apoptosis Laboratory, Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

Address correspondence to Guido Kroemer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8125, Institut Gustave Roussy, Pavillon de Recherche 1, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Phone: 33-1-42-11-60-46; Fax: 33-1-42-11-60-47; E-mail: kroemer{at}igr.fr

A number of diseases are due to lysosomal destabilization, which results in damaging cell loss. To investigate the mechanisms of lysosomal cell death, we characterized the cytotoxic action of two widely used quinolone antibiotics: ciprofloxacin (CPX) or norfloxacin (NFX). CPX or NFX plus UV light (NFX*) induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), as detected by the release of cathepsins from lysosomes. Inhibition of the lysosomal accumulation of CPX or NFX suppresses their capacity to induce LMP and to kill cells. CPX- or NFX-triggered LMP results in caspase-independent cell death, with hallmarks of apoptosis such as chromatin condensation and phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane. LMP triggers mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP), as detected by the release of cytochrome c. Both CPX and NFX* cause Bax and Bak to adopt their apoptotic conformation and to insert into mitochondrial membranes. Bax^-/- Bak^-/- double knockout cells fail to undergo MMP and cell death in response to CPX- or NFX-induced LMP. The single knockout of Bax or Bak (but not Bid) or the transfection-enforced expression of mitochondrion-targeted (but not endoplasmic reticulum–targeted) Bcl-2 conferred protection against CPX (but not NFX*)-induced MMP and death. Altogether, our data indicate that mitochondria are indispensable for cell death initiated by lysosomal destabilization.

Key Words: Bax • Bcl-2 • apoptosis • autophagy • caspases

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