The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Published online 19 March 2001.
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© The Rockefeller University Press, 0022-1007/2001/3/727/ $5.00
The Journal of Experimental Medicine, Volume 193, Number 6, March 19, 2001 727-740

Original Article

Colony-stimulating Factor 1 Promotes Progression of Mammary Tumors to Malignancy

Elaine Y. Lina, Andrew V. Nguyena, Robert G. Russellb, and Jeffrey W. Pollarda
a Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and the Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Women's Health, Center for the Study of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health,
b Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461

Correspondence to: Jeffrey W. Pollard, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461. Tel:718-430-2090 Fax:718-430-8972 E-mail:pollard{at}aecom.yu.edu.

In human breast carcinomas, overexpression of the macrophage colony–stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) correlates with poor prognosis. To establish if there is a causal relationship between CSF-1 and breast cancer progression, we crossed a transgenic mouse susceptible to mammary cancer with mice containing a recessive null mutation in the CSF-1 gene (Csf1op) and followed tumor progression in wild-type and null mutant mice. The absence of CSF-1 affects neither the incidence nor the growth of the primary tumors but delayed their development to invasive, metastatic carcinomas. Transgenic expression of CSF-1 in the mammary epithelium of both Csf1op/Csf1op and wild-type tumor-prone mice led to an acceleration to the late stages of carcinoma and to a significant increase in pulmonary metastasis. This was associated with an enhanced infiltration of macrophages into the primary tumor. These studies demonstrate that the growth of mammary tumors and the development to malignancy are separate processes and that CSF-1 selectively promotes the latter process. CSF-1 may promote metastatic potential by regulating the infiltration and function of tumor-associated macrophages as, at the tumor site, CSF-1R expression was restricted to macrophages. Our data suggest that agents directed at CSF-1/CSF-1R activity could have important therapeutic effects.

Key Words: mouse, proliferation, macrophages, metastasis, breast cancer


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