The Journal of Experimental Medicine
Cytokines in immune regulation
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J. Exp. Med., Volume 187, Number 3, February 2, 1998 289-296

Expression of the Elm1 Gene, a Novel Gene of the CCN (Connective Tissue Growth Factor, Cyr61/Cef10, and Neuroblastoma Overexpressed Gene) Family, Suppresses In Vivo Tumor Growth and Metastasis of K-1735 Murine Melanoma Cells

By Yasunobu Hashimoto,*Dagger Nobuko Shindo-Okada,* Masachika Tani,* Yasuhiro Nagamachi,* Kaori Takeuchi,* Toshihiko Shiroishi,§ Hiroshi Toma,Dagger and Jun Yokota*

From the * Biology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan; the Dagger  Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Kawadacho 8-chome, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo 162, Japan; and the § Department of Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1-111, Tanida, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan

We previously isolated a partial cDNA fragment of a novel gene, Elm1 (expressed in low-metastatic cells), that is expressed in low-metastatic but not in high-metastatic K-1735 mouse melanoma cells. Here we determined the full-length cDNA structure of Elm1 and investigated the effect of Elm1 expression on growth and metastatic potential of K-1735 cells. The Elm1 gene encodes a predicted protein of 367 amino acids showing ~40% amino acid identity with the CCN (connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], Cyr61/Cef10, neuroblastoma overexpressed gene [Nov]) family proteins, which consist of secreted cysteine-rich proteins with growth regulatory functions. Elm1 is also a cysteine-rich protein and contains a signal peptide and four domains conserved in the CCN family proteins. Elm1 was highly conserved, expressed ubiquitously in diverse organs, and mapped to mouse chromosome 15. High-metastatic K-1735 M-2 cells, which did not express Elm1, were transfected with an Elm1 expression vector, and several stable clones with Elm1 expression were established. The in vivo growth rates of cells expressing a high level of Elm1 were remarkably slower than those of cells expressing a low level of Elm1. Metastatic potential of transfectants was reduced in proportion to the level of Elm1 expression. Thus, Elm1 is a novel gene of CCN family that can suppress the in vivo growth and metastatic potential of K-1735 mouse melanoma cells.


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