J. Exp. Med.
© The Rockefeller University Press
0022-1007/97/02/461/10 $2.00
Volume 185 February 1997 461-470

Interleukin (IL)-6 Directs the Differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4⁺ T Cells

By Mercedes Rincón,^* Juan Anguita, Tetsuo Nakamura,^*§ Erol Fikrig, and Richard A. Flavell^*§

From the ^* Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011;  Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-9031; and ^§ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011

Interleukin (IL)-4 is the most potent factor that causes naive CD4⁺ T cells to differentiate to the T helper cell (Th) 2 phenotype, while IL-12 and interferon  trigger the differentiation of Th1 cells. However, the source of the initial polarizing IL-4 remains unclear. Here, we show that IL-6, probably secreted by antigen-presenting cells, is able to polarize naive CD4⁺ T cells to effector Th2 cells by inducing the initial production of IL-4 in CD4⁺ T cells. These results show that the nature of the cytokine (IL-12 or IL-6), which is produced by antigen-presenting cells in response to a particular pathogen, is a key factor in determining the nature of the immune response.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Murray, H. W. (2008). Accelerated Control of Visceral Leishmania donovani Infection in Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice. Infect. Immun. 76: 4088-4091 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Welsh, K. J., Abbott, A. N., Hwang, S.-A., Indrigo, J., Armitige, L. Y., Blackburn, M. R., Hunter, R. L., Actor, J. K. (2008). A role for tumour necrosis factor-{alpha}, complement C5 and interleukin-6 in the initiation and development of the mycobacterial cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate induced granulomatous response. Microbiology 154: 1813-1824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lamhamedi-Cherradi, S.-E., Martin, R. E., Ito, T., Kheradmand, F., Corry, D. B., Liu, Y.-J., Moyle, M. (2008). Fungal Proteases Induce Th2 Polarization through Limited Dendritic Cell Maturation and Reduced Production of IL-12. J. Immunol. 180: 6000-6009 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Price, J. D., Simpfendorfer, K. R., Mantena, R. R., Holden, J., Heath, W. R., van Rooijen, N., Strugnell, R. A., Wijburg, O. L. C. (2007). Gamma Interferon-Independent Effects of Interleukin-12 on Immunity to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Infect. Immun. 75: 5753-5762 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pallandre, J.-R., Brillard, E., Crehange, G., Radlovic, A., Remy-Martin, J.-P., Saas, P., Rohrlich, P.-S., Pivot, X., Ling, X., Tiberghien, P., Borg, C. (2007). Role of STAT3 in CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Regulatory Lymphocyte Generation: Implications in Graft-versus-Host Disease and Antitumor Immunity. J. Immunol. 179: 7593-7604 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cogan, T. M., Beresford, T. P., Steele, J., Broadbent, J., Shah, N. P., Ustunol, Z. (2007). Invited Review: Advances in Starter Cultures and Cultured Foods. J DAIRY SCI 90: 4005-4021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schnitzler, A. C., Burke, J. M., Wetzler, L. M. (2007). Induction of Cell Signaling Events by the Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Antigen-Presenting Cells. Infect. Immun. 75: 3150-3159 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Finotto, S., Eigenbrod, T., Karwot, R., Boross, I., Doganci, A., Ito, H., Nishimoto, N., Yoshizaki, K., Kishimoto, T., Rose-John, S., Galle, P. R., Neurath, M. F. (2007). Local blockade of IL-6R signaling induces lung CD4+ T cell apoptosis in a murine model of asthma via regulatory T cells. Int Immunol 19: 685-693 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dijsselbloem, N., Goriely, S., Albarani, V., Gerlo, S., Francoz, S., Marine, J.-C., Goldman, M., Haegeman, G., Berghe, W. V. (2007). A Critical Role for p53 in the Control of NF-{kappa}B-Dependent Gene Expression in TLR4-Stimulated Dendritic Cells Exposed to Genistein. J. Immunol. 178: 5048-5057 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhou, S., Kurt-Jones, E. A., Fitzgerald, K. A., Wang, J. P., Cerny, A. M., Chan, M., Finberg, R. W. (2007). Role of MyD88 in Route-Dependent Susceptibility to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infection. J. Immunol. 178: 5173-5181 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Asai, Y., Makimura, Y., Ogawa, T. (2007). Toll-like receptor 2-mediated dendritic cell activation by a Porphyromonas gingivalis synthetic lipopeptide. J Med Microbiol 56: 459-465 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Laffont, S., Coudert, J. D., Garidou, L., Delpy, L., Wiedemann, A., Demur, C., Coureau, C., Guery, J.-C. (2006). CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of donor dendritic cells prevents alloreactive T helper type-2 responses in vivo. Blood 108: 2257-2264 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rose-John, S., Scheller, J., Elson, G., Jones, S. A. (2006). Interleukin-6 biology is coordinated by membrane-bound and soluble receptors: role in inflammation and cancer. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 227-236 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yimin, , Kohanawa, M. (2006). A Regulatory Effect of the Balance between TNF-{alpha} and IL-6 in the Granulomatous and Inflammatory Response to Rhodococcus aurantiacus Infection in Mice. J. Immunol. 177: 642-650 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dunford, P. J., O'Donnell, N., Riley, J. P., Williams, K. N., Karlsson, L., Thurmond, R. L. (2006). The Histamine H4 Receptor Mediates Allergic Airway Inflammation by Regulating the Activation of CD4+ T Cells.. J. Immunol. 176: 7062-7070 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, T. T. C., Ung, P. M. U., Rincon, M., Chow, C.-W. (2006). Role of the CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein NFATc2 Transcription Factor Cascade in the Induction of Secretory Phospholipase A2. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 11541-11552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Fallon, P. G., Ballantyne, S. J., Mangan, N. E., Barlow, J. L., Dasvarma, A., Hewett, D. R., McIlgorm, A., Jolin, H. E., McKenzie, A. N.J. (2006). Identification of an interleukin (IL)-25-dependent cell population that provides IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 at the onset of helminth expulsion. J. Exp. Med. 203: 1105-1116 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Munson, E. L., Nardelli, D. T., Luk, K. H. K., Remington, M. C., Callister, S. M., Schell, R. F. (2006). Interleukin-6 Promotes Anti-OspA Borreliacidal Antibody Production In Vitro. CVI 13: 19-25 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hawrylowicz, C. M. (2005). Regulatory T cells and IL-10 in allergic inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 202: 1459-1463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Georas, S. N., Guo, J., De Fanis, U., Casolaro, V. (2005). T-helper cell type-2 regulation in allergic disease. Eur Respir J 26: 1119-1137 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Airoldi, I., Di Carlo, E., Cocco, C., Sorrentino, C., Fais, F., Cilli, M., D'Antuono, T., Colombo, M. P., Pistoia, V. (2005). Lack of Il12rb2 signaling predisposes to spontaneous autoimmunity and malignancy. Blood 106: 3846-3853 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jones, S. A. (2005). Directing Transition from Innate to Acquired Immunity: Defining a Role for IL-6. J. Immunol. 175: 3463-3468 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Feili-Hariri, M., Falkner, D. H., Morel, P. A. (2005). Polarization of naive T cells into Th1 or Th2 by distinct cytokine-driven murine dendritic cell populations: implications for immunotherapy. J. Leukoc. Biol. 78: 656-664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Velasco, G., Campo, M., Manrique, O. J., Bellou, A., He, H., Arestides, R. S. S., Schaub, B., Perkins, D. L., Finn, P. W. (2005). Toll-Like Receptor 4 or 2 Agonists Decrease Allergic Inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Bio. 32: 218-224 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yang, Y., Ochando, J., Yopp, A., Bromberg, J. S., Ding, Y. (2005). IL-6 Plays a Unique Role in Initiating c-Maf Expression during Early Stage of CD4 T Cell Activation. J. Immunol. 174: 2720-2729 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, R. Y.-L., Wang, X., Pixley, F. J., Yu, J. J., Dent, A. L., Broxmeyer, H. E., Stanley, E. R., Ye, B. H. (2005). BCL-6 negatively regulates macrophage proliferation by suppressing autocrine IL-6 production. Blood 105: 1777-1784 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ueta, M., Hamuro, J., Yamamoto, M., Kaseda, K., Akira, S., Kinoshita, S. (2005). Spontaneous Ocular Surface Inflammation and Goblet Cell Disappearance in I{kappa}B{zeta} Gene-Disrupted Mice. IOVS 46: 579-588 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Oriss, T. B., Ostroukhova, M., Seguin-Devaux, C., Dixon-McCarthy, B., Stolz, D. B., Watkins, S. C., Pillemer, B., Ray, P., Ray, A. (2005). Dynamics of Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Interactions with CD4+ T Cells in Airway Inflammation and Tolerance. J. Immunol. 174: 854-863 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Khan, A. Q., Chen, Q., Wu, Z.-Q., Paton, J. C., Snapper, C. M. (2005). Both Innate Immunity and Type 1 Humoral Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Mediated by MyD88 but Differ in Their Relative Levels of Dependence on Toll-Like Receptor 2. Infect. Immun. 73: 298-307 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bengtsson, A. K., Ryan, E. J., Giordano, D., Magaletti, D. M., Clark, E. A. (2004). 17{beta}-Estradiol (E2) modulates cytokine and chemokine expression in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Blood 104: 1404-1410 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lavelle, E. C., Jarnicki, A., McNeela, E., Armstrong, M. E., Higgins, S. C., Leavy, O., Mills, K. H. G. (2004). Effects of cholera toxin on innate and adaptive immunity and its application as an immunomodulatory agent. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75: 756-763 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Wu, W., Rinaldi, L., Fortner, K. A., Russell, J. Q., Tschopp, J., Irvin, C., Budd, R. C. (2004). Cellular FLIP Long Form-Transgenic Mice Manifest a Th2 Cytokine Bias and Enhanced Allergic Airway Inflammation. J. Immunol. 172: 4724-4732 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Duddy, M. E., Alter, A., Bar-Or, A. (2004). Distinct Profiles of Human B Cell Effector Cytokines: A Role in Immune Regulation?. J. Immunol. 172: 3422-3427 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Diehl, S., Krahl, T., Rinaldi, L., Norton, R., Irvin, C. G., Rincon, M. (2004). Inhibition of NFAT Specifically in T Cells Prevents Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation. J. Immunol. 172: 3597-3603 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kourilova, P., Hogg, K. G., Kolarova, L., Mountford, A. P. (2004). Cercarial Dermatitis Caused by Bird Schistosomes Comprises Both Immediate and Late Phase Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions. J. Immunol. 172: 3766-3774 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ross, P. J., Lavelle, E. C., Mills, K. H. G., Boyd, A. P. (2004). Adenylate Cyclase Toxin from Bordetella pertussis Synergizes with Lipopolysaccharide To Promote Innate Interleukin-10 Production and Enhances the Induction of Th2 and Regulatory T Cells. Infect. Immun. 72: 1568-1579 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lopez-Souza, N., Dolganov, G., Dubin, R., Sachs, L. A., Sassina, L., Sporer, H., Yagi, S., Schnurr, D., Boushey, H. A., Widdicombe, J. H. (2004). Resistance of differentiated human airway epithelium to infection by rhinovirus. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 286: L373-L381 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Zhang, F., Liang, Z., Matsuki, N., Van Kaer, L., Joyce, S., Wakeland, E. K., Aune, T. M. (2003). A Murine Locus on Chromosome 18 Controls NKT Cell Homeostasis and Th Cell Differentiation. J. Immunol. 171: 4613-4620 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Guo, Z., Kavanagh, E., Zang, Y., Dolan, S. M., Kriynovich, S. J., Mannick, J. A., Lederer, J. A. (2003). Burn Injury Promotes Antigen-Driven Th2-Type Responses In Vivo. J. Immunol. 171: 3983-3990 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yu, C.-K., Chen, C.-L. (2003). Activation of Mast Cells Is Essential for Development of House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides farinae-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice. J. Immunol. 171: 3808-3815 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lavelle, E. C., McNeela, E., Armstrong, M. E., Leavy, O., Higgins, S. C., Mills, K. H. G. (2003). Cholera Toxin Promotes the Induction of Regulatory T Cells Specific for Bystander Antigens by Modulating Dendritic Cell Activation. J. Immunol. 171: 2384-2392 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Eshima, K., Choi, Y., Flavell, R. A. (2003). CD154-CD40-independent up-regulation of B7-2 on splenic antigen-presenting cells and efficient T cell priming by staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Int Immunol 15: 817-826 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Dodge, I. L., Carr, M. W., Cernadas, M., Brenner, M. B. (2003). IL-6 Production by Pulmonary Dendritic Cells Impedes Th1 Immune Responses. J. Immunol. 170: 4457-4464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kusam, S., Toney, L. M., Sato, H., Dent, A. L. (2003). Inhibition of Th2 Differentiation and GATA-3 Expression by BCL-6. J. Immunol. 170: 2435-2441 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mohrs, M., Lacy, D. A., Locksley, R. M. (2003). Stat Signals Release Activated Naive Th Cells from an Anergic Checkpoint. J. Immunol. 170: 1870-1876 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chen, C.-L., Lee, C.-T., Liu, Y.-C., Wang, J.-Y., Lei, H.-Y., Yu, C.-K. (2003). House Dust Mite Dermatophagoides farinae Augments Proinflammatory Mediator Productions and Accessory Function of Alveolar Macrophages: Implications for Allergic Sensitization and Inflammation. J. Immunol. 170: 528-536 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• ROGGE, L. (2002). A Genomic View of Helper T Cell Subsets. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 975: 57-67 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tracy, R. P. (2002). Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease: Cart, Horse or Both-Revisited. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 22: 1514-1515 [Full Text]  
• John, B., Rajagopal, D., Pashine, A., Rath, S., George, A., Bal, V. (2002). Role of IL-12-Independent and IL-12-Dependent Pathways in Regulating Generation of the IFN-{gamma} Component of T Cell Responses to Salmonella typhimurium. J. Immunol. 169: 2545-2552 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ibfelt, T., Petersen, E. W., Bruunsgaard, H., Sandmand, M., Pedersen, B. K. (2002). Exercise-induced change in type 1 cytokine-producing CD8+ T cells is related to a decrease in memory T cells. J. Appl. Physiol. 93: 645-648 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez-Sosa, M., Satoskar, A. R., Calderon, R., Gomez-Garcia, L., Saavedra, R., Bojalil, R., Terrazas, L. I. (2002). Chronic Helminth Infection Induces Alternatively Activated Macrophages Expressing High Levels of CCR5 with Low Interleukin-12 Production and Th2-Biasing Ability. Infect. Immun. 70: 3656-3664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Diehl, S., Chow, C.-W., Weiss, L., Palmetshofer, A., Twardzik, T., Rounds, L., Serfling, E., Davis, R. J., Anguita, J., Rincon, M. (2002). Induction of NFATc2 Expression by Interleukin 6 Promotes T Helper Type 2 Differentiation. J. Exp. Med. 196: 39-49 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anguita, J., Barthold, S. W., Persinski, R., Hedrick, M. N., Huy, C. A., Davis, R. J., Flavell, R. A., Fikrig, E. (2002). Murine Lyme Arthritis Development Mediated by p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activity. J. Immunol. 168: 6352-6357 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huber, S., Shi, C., Budd, R. C. (2002). {gamma}{delta} T Cells Promote a Th1 Response during Coxsackievirus B3 Infection In Vivo: Role of Fas and Fas Ligand. J. Virol. 76: 6487-6494 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rodriguez-Sosa, M., David, J. R., Bojalil, R., Satoskar, A. R., Terrazas, L. I. (2002). Cutting Edge: Susceptibility to the Larval Stage of the Helminth Parasite Taenia crassiceps Is Mediated by Th2 Response Induced Via STAT6 Signaling. J. Immunol. 168: 3135-3139 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murata, Y., Shimamura, T., Hamuro, J. (2002). The polarization of Th1/Th2 balance is dependent on the intracellular thiol redox status of macrophages due to the distinctive cytokine production. Int Immunol 14: 201-212 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Christensen, H. R., Frokiar, H., Pestka, J. J. (2002). Lactobacilli Differentially Modulate Expression of Cytokines and Maturation Surface Markers in Murine Dendritic Cells. J. Immunol. 168: 171-178 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Conze, D., Weiss, L., Regen, P. S., Bhushan, A., Weaver, D., Johnson, P., Rincon, M. (2001). Autocrine Production of Interleukin 6 Causes Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 61: 8851-8858 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Campbell, S. B., Komata, T., Kelso, A. (2001). CD4 Ligation Promotes the IL-4-Independent Development of IL-4-Producing Clones from Naive CD4+ T Cells. J. Immunol. 167: 5610-5619 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kollet, J., Witek, C., Gentry, J. D., Liu, X., Schwartzbach, S. D., Petro, T. M. (2001). Deletional Analysis of the Murine IL-12 p35 Promoter Comparing IFN-{gamma} and Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation. J. Immunol. 167: 5653-5663 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steensberg, A., Toft, A. D., Bruunsgaard, H., Sandmand, M., Halkjar-Kristensen, J., Pedersen, B. K. (2001). Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 91: 1708-1712 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Beenhouwer, D. O., Shapiro, S., Feldmesser, M., Casadevall, A., Scharff, M. D. (2001). Both Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Affect the Ability of Monoclonal Antibodies To Protect Mice against Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 69: 6445-6455 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Markine-Goriaynoff, D., Nguyen, T. D., Bigaignon, G., Van Snick, J., Coutelier, J.-P. (2001). Distinct requirements for IL-6 in polyclonal and specific Ig production induced by microorganisms. Int Immunol 13: 1185-1192 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Titus, R. G., DeKrey, G. K., Morris, R. V., Soares, M. B. P. (2001). Interleukin-6 Deficiency Influences Cytokine Expression in Susceptible BALB Mice Infected with Leishmania major but Does Not Alter the Outcome of Disease. Infect. Immun. 69: 5189-5192 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Miranda Santos, I. K. F., Costa, C. H. N., Krieger, H., Feitosa, M. F., Zurakowski, D., Fardin, B., Gomes, R. B. B., Weiner, D. L., Harn, D. A., Ezekowitz, R. A. B., Epstein, J. E. (2001). Mannan-Binding Lectin Enhances Susceptibility to Visceral Leishmaniasis. Infect. Immun. 69: 5212-5215 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ford, J. G., Rennick, D., Donaldson, D. D., Venkayya, R., McArthur, C., Hansell, E., Kurup, V. P., Warnock, M., Grunig, G. (2001). IL-13 and IFN-{gamma}: Interactions in Lung Inflammation. J. Immunol. 167: 1769-1777 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Remington, M. C., Munson, E. L., Callister, S. M., Molitor, M. L., Christopherson, J. A., DeCoster, D. J., Lovrich, S. D., Schell, R. F. (2001). Interleukin-6 Enhances Production of Anti-OspC Immunoglobulin G2b Borreliacidal Antibody. Infect. Immun. 69: 4268-4275 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huber, S. A., Sakkinen, P., David, C., Newell, M. K., Tracy, R. P. (2001). T Helper-Cell Phenotype Regulates Atherosclerosis in Mice Under Conditions of Mild Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 103: 2610-2616 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thomas, V., Anguita, J., Barthold, S. W., Fikrig, E. (2001). Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis Alters Murine Immune Responses, Pathogen Burden, and Severity of Lyme Arthritis. Infect. Immun. 69: 3359-3371 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Curti, A., Ratta, M., Corinti, S., Girolomoni, G., Ricci, F., Tazzari, P., Siena, M., Grande, A., Fogli, M., Tura, S., Lemoli, R. M. (2001). Interleukin-11 induces Th2 polarization of human CD4+ T cells. Blood 97: 2758-2763 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Satoskar, A. R., Bozza, M., Rodriguez Sosa, M., Lin, G., David, J. R. (2001). Migration-Inhibitory Factor Gene-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Cutaneous Leishmania major Infection. Infect. Immun. 69: 906-911 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ulanova, M., Tarkowski, A., Hahn-Zoric, M., Hanson, L. A. (2001). The Common Vaccine Adjuvant Aluminum Hydroxide Up-Regulates Accessory Properties of Human Monocytes via an Interleukin-4-Dependent Mechanism. Infect. Immun. 69: 1151-1159 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tavakoli, S., Cowan, M. J., Benfield, T., Logun, C., Shelhamer, J. H. (2001). Prostaglandin E2-induced interleukin-6 release by a human airway epithelial cell line. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 280: L127-L133 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Infante-Duarte, C., Horton, H. F., Byrne, M. C., Kamradt, T. (2000). Microbial Lipopeptides Induce the Production of IL-17 in Th Cells. J. Immunol. 165: 6107-6115 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Smith, A. L., Hayday, A. C. (2000). Genetic Dissection of Primary and Secondary Responses to a Widespread Natural Pathogen of the Gut, Eimeria vermiformis. Infect. Immun. 68: 6273-6280 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boonstra, A., van Oudenaren, A., Barendregt, B., An, L., Leenen, P. J. M., Savelkoul, H. F. J. (2000). UVB irradiation modulates systemic immune responses by affecting cytokine production of antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunol 12: 1531-1538 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• DESREUMAUX, P (2000). Specific targeting of IL-6 signalling pathway: a new way to treat IBD?. Gut 47: 465-466 [Full Text]  
• Wang, J., Homer, R. J., Chen, Q., Elias, J. A. (2000). Endogenous and Exogenous IL-6 Inhibit Aeroallergen-Induced Th2 Inflammation. J. Immunol. 165: 4051-4061 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Glimcher, L. H., Murphy, K. M. (2000). Lineage commitment in the immune system: the T helper lymphocyte grows up. Genes Dev. 14: 1693-1711 [Full Text]  
• Ing, R., Su, Z., Scott, M. E., Koski, K. G. (2000). Suppressed T helper 2 immunity and prolonged survival of a nematode parasite in protein-malnourished mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 7078-7083 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Blander, J. M., Sant'Angelo, D. B., Bottomly, K., Janeway, C. A. , Jr. (2000). Alteration at a Single Amino Acid Residue in the T Cell Receptor {alpha} Chain Complementarity Determining Region 2 Changes the Differentiation of Naive CD4 T Cells in Response to Antigen from T Helper Cell Type 1 (Th1) to Th2. J. Exp. Med. 191: 2065-2074 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• VanCott, J. L., Franco, M. A., Greenberg, H. B., Sabbaj, S., Tang, B., Murray, R., McGhee, J. R. (2000). Protective Immunity to Rotavirus Shedding in the Absence of Interleukin-6: Th1 Cells and Immunoglobulin A Develop Normally. J. Virol. 74: 5250-5256 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakata, Y., Uzawa, A., Suzuki, G. (2000). Control of CD4 T cell fate by antigen re-stimulation with or without CTLA-4 engagement 24 h after priming. Int Immunol 12: 459-466 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Arias, M. A., Rey Nores, J. E., Vita, N., Stelter, F., Borysiewicz, L. K., Ferrara, P., Labeta, M. O. (2000). Cutting Edge: Human B Cell Function Is Regulated by Interaction with Soluble CD14: Opposite Effects on IgG1 and IgE Production. J. Immunol. 164: 3480-3486 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kato, T., Nariuchi, H. (2000). Polarization of Naive CD4+ T Cells Toward the Th1 Subset by CTLA-4 Costimulation. J. Immunol. 164: 3554-3562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Teague, T. K., Schaefer, B. C., Hildeman, D., Bender, J., Mitchell, T., Kappler, J. W., Marrack, P. (2000). Activation-induced Inhibition of Interleukin 6-mediated T Cell Survival and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 Signaling. J. Exp. Med. 191: 915-926 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mu, H.-H., Sawitzke, A. D., Cole, B. C. (2000). Modulation of Cytokine Profiles by the Mycoplasma Superantigen Mycoplasma arthritidis Mitogen Parallels Susceptibility to Arthritis Induced by M. arthritidis. Infect. Immun. 68: 1142-1149 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• La Flamme, A. C., MacDonald, A. S., Pearce, E. J. (2000). Role of IL-6 in Directing the Initial Immune Response to Schistosome Eggs. J. Immunol. 164: 2419-2426 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• ELIAS, J. A. (2000). Airway Remodeling in Asthma . Unanswered Questions. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 161: S168-171 [Full Text]  
• Merritt, C., Enslen, H., Diehl, N., Conze, D., Davis, R. J., Rincón, M. (2000). Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase In Vivo Selectively Induces Apoptosis of CD8+ but Not CD4+ T Cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 936-946 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• PICCINNI, M.-P., MAGGI, E., ROMAGNANI, S. (2000). Environmental Factors Favoring the Allergen-specific Th2 Response in Allergic Subjects. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 917: 844-852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nishimoto, N., Sasai, M., Shima, Y., Nakagawa, M., Matsumoto, T., Shirai, T., Kishimoto, T., Yoshizaki, K. (2000). Improvement in Castleman's disease by humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody therapy. Blood 95: 56-61 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Vukmanovic-Stejic, M., Vyas, B., Gorak-Stolinska, P., Noble, A., Kemeny, D. M. (2000). Human Tc1 and Tc2/Tc0 CD8 T-cell clones display distinct cell surface and functional phenotypes. Blood 95: 231-240 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Saavedra, E., Herrera, M., Gao, W., Uemura, H., Pereira, M. A. (1999). The Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase, through Its COOH-terminal Tandem Repeat, Upregulates Interleukin 6 Secretion in Normal Human Intestinal Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1825-1836 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hayashi, N., Matsui, K., Tsutsui, H., Osada, Y., Mohamed, R. T., Nakano, H., Kashiwamura, S.-i., Hyodo, Y., Takeda, K., Akira, S., Hada, T., Higashino, K., Kojima, S., Nakanishi3, K. (1999). Kupffer Cells from Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice Participate in the Prompt Type 2 Differentiation of Hepatic T Cells in Response to Worm Antigens. J. Immunol. 163: 6702-6711 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nakagawa, S., Koomen, C. W., Bos, J. D., Teunissen, M. B. M. (1999). Differential Modulation of Human Epidermal Langerhans Cell Maturation by Ultraviolet B Radiation. J. Immunol. 163: 5192-5200 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Leal, I. S., Smedegard, B., Andersen, P., Appelberg, R. (1999). Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-12 Participate in Induction of a Type 1 Protective T-Cell Response during Vaccination with a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine. Infect. Immun. 67: 5747-5754 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Liwski, R. S., Lee, T. D. G. (1999). Nematode Infection Enhances Survival of Activated T Cells by Modulating Accessory Cell Function. J. Immunol. 163: 5005-5012 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

Home | Help | Feedback | Subscriptions | Archive | Search

TABLE OF CONTENTS