J. Exp. Med.
© The Rockefeller University Press
0022-1007/97/06/1951/08 $2.00
Volume 185, Number 11, June 2, 1997 1951-1958

Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Synthesis of a Macrophage Stimulatory Lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans Acting at Picomolar Concentration

By Peter F. Mühlradt,^* Michael Kieß,^* Holger Meyer,^* Roderich Süßmuth, and Günther Jung

From the ^* Immunobiology and Structure Research Groups, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and  Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany

Macrophages are typically stimulated by components of microbial cell walls. Surprisingly, cell wall-less mycoplasmas can also very efficiently stimulate macrophages. We showed recently that mycoplasma-derived lipopeptides constitute the active principle. We have now isolated a clone of Mycoplasma fermentans expressing mainly one macrophage-stimulating lipopeptide. This lipopeptide was detergent-extracted and isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromotography, using nitric oxide release from C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages as bioassay for detection. In contrast to "conventional" bacterial lipoproteins, this lipopeptide had a free NH₂ terminus. Amino acid composition, sequence, and the molecular weight of 2,163.3 are consistent with the following structure: S-(2,3-bisacyloxypropyl)cysteine-GNNDESNISFKEK with one mole C16:0, and a further mole of a mixture of C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acid per lipopeptide molecule. The sequence could not be found in either the protein identification resource nor the Swiss Prot data bank. We named this 2-kD lipopeptide, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2). Synthetic dipalmitoyl MALP-2 and mycoplasma-derived MALP-2 were compared with the bioassay. Both lipopeptides showed an identical dose dependency with a half-maximal response at 10¹¹ M concentration. MALP-2 may be one of the most potent natural macrophage stimulators besides endotoxin.

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• Garcia, J., Lemercier, B., Roman-Roman, S., Rawadi, G. (1998). A Mycoplasma fermentans-derived Synthetic Lipopeptide Induces AP-1 and NF-kappa B Activity and Cytokine Secretion in Macrophages via the Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 34391-34398 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Razin, S., Yogev, D., Naot, Y. (1998). Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62: 1094-1156 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
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• Pyrowolakis, G., Hofmann, D., Herrmann, R. (1998). The Subunit b of the F0F1-type ATPase of the Bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Is a Lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 24792-24796 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tabona, P., Reddi, K., Khan, S., Nair, S. P., Crean, St. J. V., Meghji, S., Wilson, M., Preuss, M., Miller, A. D., Poole, S., Carne, S., Henderson, B. (1998). Homogeneous Escherichia coli Chaperonin 60 Induces IL-1{beta} and IL-6 Gene Expression in Human Monocytes by a Mechanism Independent of Protein Conformation. J. Immunol. 161: 1414-1421 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Sellati, T. J., Bouis, D. A., Kitchens, R. L., Darveau, R. P., Pugin, J., Ulevitch, R. J., Gangloff, S. C., Goyert, S. M., Norgard, M. V., Radolf, J. D. (1998). Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi Lipoproteins and Synthetic Lipopeptides Activate Monocytic Cells via a CD14-Dependent Pathway Distinct from That Used by Lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol. 160: 5455-5464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Matsumoto, M., Nishiguchi, M., Kikkawa, S., Nishimura, H., Nagasawa, S., Seya, T. (1998). Structural and Functional Properties of Complement-activating Protein M161Ag, a Mycoplasma fermentans Gene Product That Induces Cytokine Production by Human Monocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 12407-12414 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Rawadi, G., Ramez, V., Lemercier, B., Roman-Roman, S. (1998). Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways by Mycoplasma fermentans Membrane Lipoproteins in Murine Macrophages: Involvement in Cytokine Synthesis. J. Immunol. 160: 1330-1339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

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