Antiphosphocholine antibodies found in normal mouse serum are protective against intravenous infection with type 3 streptococcus pneumoniae

doi:10.1084/jem.153.3.694

This Article

	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Citation Map

Services

	Email this article
	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new content in the JEM
	Download to citation manager

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via CrossRef
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Briles, D. E.
	Articles by Barletta, R.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Briles, D. E.
	Articles by Barletta, R.


Social Bookmarking

	What's this?

ARTICLES

Antiphosphocholine antibodies found in normal mouse serum are protective against intravenous infection with type 3 streptococcus pneumoniae

DE Briles, M Nahm, K Schroer, J Davie, P Baker, J Kearney and R Barletta

The antiphosphocholine (PC) antibody in normal mouse sera (NMS) provides protection against intravenous infection with encapsulated strain WU2 of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mice unable to make anti- PC antibody, as a result of suppression with anti-T-15 idiotype or inheritance of the xid gene of CAB/N mice, are highly susceptible to infection with strain WU2. Mice inheriting the xid gene can be protected with NMS from immunologically normal mice or with IgM hybridoma anti-PC antibody. The protective effect of NMS can be removed with PC-containing immunoabsorbents.
Add to CiteULike CiteULike Add to Complore Complore Add to Connotea Connotea Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us Add to Digg Digg Add to Reddit Reddit Add to Technorati Technorati What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

Kafka, D., Ling, E., Feldman, G., Benharroch, D., Voronov, E., Givon-Lavi, N., Iwakura, Y., Dagan, R., Apte, R. N., Mizrachi-Nebenzahl, Y. (2008). Contribution of IL-1 to resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Int Immunol 20: 1139-1146 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yuste, J., Sen, A., Truedsson, L., Jonsson, G., Tay, L.-S., Hyams, C., Baxendale, H. E., Goldblatt, F., Botto, M., Brown, J. S. (2008). Impaired Opsonization with C3b and Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Sera from Subjects with Defects in the Classical Complement Pathway. Infect. Immun. 76: 3761-3770 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Parmentier, H. K., De Vries Reilingh, G., Lammers, A. (2008). Decreased Specific Antibody Responses to {alpha}-Gal-Conjugated Antigen in Animals with Preexisting High Levels of Natural Antibodies Binding {alpha}-Gal Residues. Poult. Sci. 87: 918-926 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Seo, H. S., Cartee, R. T., Pritchard, D. G., Nahm, M. H. (2008). A New Model of Pneumococcal Lipoteichoic Acid Structure Resolves Biochemical, Biosynthetic, and Serologic Inconsistencies of the Current Model. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2379-2387 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Benatuil, L., Kaye, J., Cretin, N., Godwin, J. G., Cariappa, A., Pillai, S., Iacomini, J. (2008). Ig Knock-In Mice Producing Anti-Carbohydrate Antibodies: Breakthrough of B Cells Producing Low Affinity Anti-Self Antibodies. J. Immunol. 180: 3839-3848 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Casey, R., Newcombe, J., McFadden, J., Bodman-Smith, K. B. (2008). The Acute-Phase Reactant C-Reactive Protein Binds to Phosphorylcholine-Expressing Neisseria meningitidis and Increases Uptake by Human Phagocytes. Infect. Immun. 76: 1298-1304 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Green, S. N., Sanders, M., Moore, Q. C. III, Norcross, E. W., Monds, K. S., Caballero, A. R., McDaniel, L. S., Robinson, S. A., Onwubiko, C., O'Callaghan, R. J., Marquart, M. E. (2008). Protection from Streptococcus pneumoniae Keratitis by Passive Immunization with Pneumolysin Antiserum. IOVS 49: 290-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Won, W.-J., Bachmann, M. F., Kearney, J. F. (2008). CD36 Is Differentially Expressed on B Cell Subsets during Development and in Responses to Antigen. J. Immunol. 180: 230-237 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Thiriot, A., Drapier, A.-M., Vieira, P., Fitting, C., Cavaillon, J.-M., Cazenave, P.-A., Rueff-Juy, D. (2007). The Bw Cells, a Novel B Cell Population Conserved in the Whole Genus Mus. J. Immunol. 179: 6568-6578 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Caligiuri, G., Khallou-Laschet, J., Vandaele, M., Gaston, A.-T., Delignat, S., Mandet, C., Kohler, H. V., Kaveri, S. V., Nicoletti, A. (2007). Phosphorylcholine-Targeting Immunization Reduces Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50: 540-546 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Thomas-Rudolph, D., Du Clos, T. W., Snapper, C. M., Mold, C. (2007). C-Reactive Protein Enhances Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae by Targeting Uptake to Fc{gamma}R on Dendritic Cells. J. Immunol. 178: 7283-7291 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Zhang, X., Deriaud, E., Jiao, X., Braun, D., Leclerc, C., Lo-Man, R. (2007). Type I interferons protect neonates from acute inflammation through interleukin 10-producing B cells. J. Exp. Med. 204: 1107-1118 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Xayarath, B., Yother, J. (2007). Mutations Blocking Side Chain Assembly, Polymerization, or Transport of a Wzy-Dependent Streptococcus pneumoniae Capsule Are Lethal in the Absence of Suppressor Mutations and Can Affect Polymer Transfer to the Cell Wall. J. Bacteriol. 189: 3369-3381 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jayasekera, J. P., Moseman, E. A., Carroll, M. C. (2007). Natural Antibody and Complement Mediate Neutralization of Influenza Virus in the Absence of Prior Immunity. J. Virol. 81: 3487-3494 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ogunniyi, A. D., LeMessurier, K. S., Graham, R. M. A., Watt, J. M., Briles, D. E., Stroeher, U. H., Paton, J. C. (2007). Contributions of Pneumolysin, Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA), and PspC to Pathogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 in a Mouse Model. Infect. Immun. 75: 1843-1851 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alugupalli, K. R., Akira, S., Lien, E., Leong, J. M. (2007). MyD88- and Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase-Mediated Signals Are Essential for T Cell-Independent Pathogen-Specific IgM Responses. J. Immunol. 178: 3740-3749 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rupprecht, T. A., Angele, B., Klein, M., Heesemann, J., Pfister, H.-W., Botto, M., Koedel, U. (2007). Complement C1q and C3 Are Critical for the Innate Immune Response to Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Central Nervous System. J. Immunol. 178: 1861-1869 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Frances, R., Tumang, J. R., Rothstein, T. L. (2007). Extreme skewing of annexin II and S100A6 expression identified by proteomic analysis of peritoneal B-1 cells. Int Immunol 19: 59-65 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Shah, P., Swiatlo, E. (2006). Immunization with Polyamine Transport Protein PotD Protects Mice against Systemic Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae.. Infect. Immun. 74: 5888-5892 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Burton, R. L., Nahm, M. H. (2006). Development and Validation of a Fourfold Multiplexed Opsonization Assay (MOPA4) for Pneumococcal Antibodies.. CVI 13: 1004-1009 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ferry, H., Crockford, T. L., Leung, J. C. H., Cornall, R. J. (2006). Signals from a self-antigen induce positive selection in early B cell ontogeny but are tolerogenic in adults.. J. Immunol. 176: 7402-7411 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Malley, R., Srivastava, A., Lipsitch, M., Thompson, C. M., Watkins, C., Tzianabos, A., Anderson, P. W. (2006). Antibody-Independent, Interleukin-17A-Mediated, Cross-Serotype Immunity to Pneumococci in Mice Immunized Intranasally with the Cell Wall Polysaccharide. Infect. Immun. 74: 2187-2195 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kenzel, S., Mancuso, G., Malley, R., Teti, G., Golenbock, D. T., Henneke, P. (2006). c-Jun Kinase Is a Critical Signaling Molecule in a Neonatal Model of Group B Streptococcal Sepsis.. J. Immunol. 176: 3181-3188 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ware, D., Jiang, Y., Lin, W., Swiatlo, E. (2006). Involvement of potD in Streptococcus pneumoniae Polyamine Transport and Pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 74: 352-361 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cartee, R. T., Forsee, W. T., Yother, J. (2005). Initiation and Synthesis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 3 Capsule on a Phosphatidylglycerol Membrane Anchor. J. Bacteriol. 187: 4470-4479 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Frances, R., Tumang, J. R., Rothstein, T. L. (2005). Cutting Edge: B-1 Cells Are Deficient in Lck: Defective B Cell Receptor Signal Transduction in B-1 Cells Occurs in the Absence of Elevated Lck Expression. J. Immunol. 175: 27-31 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tumang, J. R., Frances, R., Yeo, S. G., Rothstein, T. L. (2005). Cutting Edge: Spontaneously Ig-Secreting B-1 Cells Violate the Accepted Paradigm for Expression of Differentiation-Associated Transcription Factors. J. Immunol. 174: 3173-3177 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Knoops, L., Louahed, J., Renauld, J.-C. (2004). IL-9-Induced Expansion of B-1b Cells Restores Numbers but Not Function of B-1 Lymphocytes in xid Mice. J. Immunol. 172: 6101-6106 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hamel, J., Charland, N., Pineau, I., Ouellet, C., Rioux, S., Martin, D., Brodeur, B. R. (2004). Prevention of Pneumococcal Disease in Mice Immunized with Conserved Surface-Accessible Proteins. Infect. Immun. 72: 2659-2670 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Clatworthy, M. R., Smith, K. G.C. (2004). Fc{gamma}RIIb Balances Efficient Pathogen Clearance and the Cytokine-mediated Consequences of Sepsis. J. Exp. Med. 199: 717-723 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bender, M. H., Cartee, R. T., Yother, J. (2003). Positive Correlation between Tyrosine Phosphorylation of CpsD and Capsular Polysaccharide Production in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6057-6066 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Colino, J., Snapper, C. M. (2003). Two Distinct Mechanisms For Induction of Dendritic Cell Apoptosis in Response to Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Immunol. 171: 2354-2365 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roche, H., Ren, B., McDaniel, L. S., Hakansson, A., Briles, D. E. (2003). Relative Roles of Genetic Background and Variation in PspA in the Ability of Antibodies to PspA To Protect against Capsular Type 3 and 4 Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 71: 4498-4505 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roche, H., Hakansson, A., Hollingshead, S. K., Briles, D. E. (2003). Regions of PspA/EF3296 Best Able To Elicit Protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Murine Infection Model. Infect. Immun. 71: 1033-1041 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Malley, R., Henneke, P., Morse, S. C., Cieslewicz, M. J., Lipsitch, M., Thompson, C. M., Kurt-Jones, E., Paton, J. C., Wessels, M. R., Golenbock, D. T. (2003). Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 1966-1971 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Abeyta, M., Hardy, G. G., Yother, J. (2003). Genetic Alteration of Capsule Type but Not PspA Type Affects Accessibility of Surface-Bound Complement and Surface Antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 71: 218-225 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brown, J. S., Hussell, T., Gilliland, S. M., Holden, D. W., Paton, J. C., Ehrenstein, M. R., Walport, M. J., Botto, M. (2002). The classical pathway is the dominant complement pathway required for innate immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 16969-16974 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Reid, R. R., Woodcock, S., Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, A., Austen, W. G. Jr., Kobzik, L., Zhang, M., Hechtman, H. B., Moore, F. D. Jr., Carroll, M. C. (2002). Functional Activity of Natural Antibody is Altered in Cr2-Deficient Mice. J. Immunol. 169: 5433-5440 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kim, S. J., Gershov, D., Ma, X., Brot, N., Elkon, K. B. (2002). I-PLA2 Activation during Apoptosis Promotes the Exposure of Membrane Lysophosphatidylcholine Leading to Binding by Natural Immunoglobulin M Antibodies and Complement Activation. J. Exp. Med. 196: 655-665 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Mold, C., Rodic-Polic, B., Du Clos2, T. W. (2002). Protection from Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection by C-Reactive Protein and Natural Antibody Requires Complement But Not Fc{gamma} Receptors. J. Immunol. 168: 6375-6381 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Won, W.-J., Kearney, J. F. (2002). CD9 Is a Unique Marker for Marginal Zone B Cells, B1 Cells, and Plasma Cells in Mice. J. Immunol. 168: 5605-5611 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Wardemann, H., Boehm, T., Dear, N., Carsetti, R. (2002). B-1a B Cells that Link the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Are Lacking in the Absence of the Spleen. J. Exp. Med. 195: 771-780 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kerr, A. R., Irvine, J. J., Search, J. J., Gingles, N. A., Kadioglu, A., Andrew, P. W., McPheat, W. L., Booth, C. G., Mitchell, Tim. J. (2002). Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Resistance and Susceptibility to Pneumococcal Infection. Infect. Immun. 70: 1547-1557 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hu, L., Rezanka, L. J., Mi, Q.-S., Lustig, A., Taub, D. D., Longo, D. L., Kenny, J. J. (2002). T15-Idiotype-Negative B Cells Dominate the Phosphocholine Binding Cells in the Preimmune Repertoire of T15i Knockin Mice. J. Immunol. 168: 1273-1280 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Swiatlo, E., Champlin, F. R., Holman, S. C., Wilson, W. W., Watt, J. M. (2002). Contribution of Choline-Binding Proteins to Cell Surface Properties of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 70: 412-415 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Colino, J., Shen, Y., Snapper, C. M. (2001). Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Intact Streptococcus pneumoniae Elicit both Protein- and Polysaccharide-specific Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses In Vivo through Distinct Mechanisms. J. Exp. Med. 195: 1-14 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Orihuela, C. J., Mills, J., Robb, C. W., Wilson, C. J., Watson, D. A., Niesel, D. W. (2001). Streptococcus pneumoniae PstS Production Is Phosphate Responsive and Enhanced during Growth in the Murine Peritoneal Cavity. Infect. Immun. 69: 7565-7571 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Xu, Y., Ma, M., Ippolito, G. C., Schroeder, H. W. Jr., Carroll, M. C., Volanakis, J. E. (2001). Complement activation in factor D-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10.1073/pnas.261428398v1 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Malley, R., Lipsitch, M., Stack, A., Saladino, R., Fleisher, G., Pelton, S., Thompson, C., Briles, D., Anderson, P. (2001). Intranasal Immunization with Killed Unencapsulated Whole Cells Prevents Colonization and Invasive Disease by Capsulated Pneumococci. Infect. Immun. 69: 4870-4873 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Murray, S. E., Lallman, H. R., Heard, A. D., Rittenberg, M. B., Stenzel-Poore, M. P. (2001). A Genetic Model of Stress Displays Decreased Lymphocytes and Impaired Antibody Responses Without Altered Susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Immunol. 167: 691-698 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Magee, A. D., Yother, J. (2001). Requirement for Capsule in Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 69: 3755-3761 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Balachandran, P., Hollingshead, S. K., Paton, J. C., Briles, D. E. (2001). The Autolytic Enzyme LytA of Streptococcus pneumoniae Is Not Responsible for Releasing Pneumolysin. J. Bacteriol. 183: 3108-3116 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hakansson, A., Roche, H., Mirza, S., McDaniel, L. S., Brooks-Walter, A., Briles, D. E. (2001). Characterization of Binding of Human Lactoferrin to Pneumococcal Surface Protein A. Infect. Immun. 69: 3372-3381 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hardy, G. G., Magee, A. D., Ventura, C. L., Caimano, M. J., Yother, J. (2001). Essential Role for Cellular Phosphoglucomutase in Virulence of Type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 69: 2309-2317 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fleuridor, R., Lees, A., Pirofski, L.-a. (2001). A Cryptococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Mimotope Prolongs the Survival of Mice with Cryptococcus neoformans Infection. J. Immunol. 166: 1087-1096 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Benedict, C. L., Gilfillan, S., Kearney, J. F. (2001). The Long Isoform of Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Enters the Nucleus and, Rather than Catalyzing Nontemplated Nucleotide Addition, Modulates the Catalytic Activity of the Short Isoform. J. Exp. Med. 193: 89-100 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gingles, N. A., Alexander, J. E., Kadioglu, A., Andrew, P. W., Kerr, A., Mitchell, T. J., Hopes, E., Denny, P., Brown, S., Jones, H. B., Little, S., Booth, G. C., McPheat, W. L. (2001). Role of Genetic Resistance in Invasive Pneumococcal Infection: Identification and Study of Susceptibility and Resistance in Inbred Mouse Strains. Infect. Immun. 69: 426-434 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dammers, P. M., Visser, A., Popa, E. R., Nieuwenhuis, P., Kroese, F. G. M. (2000). Most Marginal Zone B Cells in Rat Express Germline Encoded Ig VH Genes and Are Ligand Selected. J. Immunol. 165: 6156-6169 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Harris, S. L., Park, M. K., Nahm, M. H., Diamond, B. (2000). Peptide Mimic of Phosphorylcholine, a Dominant Epitope Found on Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 68: 5778-5784 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Orihuela, C. J., Janssen, R., Robb, C. W., Watson, D. A., Niesel, D. W. (2000). Peritoneal Culture Alters Streptococcus pneumoniae Protein Profiles and Virulence Properties. Infect. Immun. 68: 6082-6086 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pericone, C. D., Overweg, K., Hermans, P. W. M., Weiser, J. N. (2000). Inhibitory and Bactericidal Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Streptococcus pneumoniae on Other Inhabitants of the Upper Respiratory Tract. Infect. Immun. 68: 3990-3997 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gilbert, C., Robinson, K., Le Page, R. W. F., Wells, J. M. (2000). Heterologous Expression of an Immunogenic Pneumococcal Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide in Lactococcus lactis. Infect. Immun. 68: 3251-3260 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kenny, J. J., Rezanka, L. J., Lustig, A., Fischer, R. T., Yoder, J., Marshall, S., Longo, D. L. (2000). Autoreactive B Cells Escape Clonal Deletion by Expressing Multiple Antigen Receptors. J. Immunol. 164: 4111-4119 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hardy, G. G., Caimano, M. J., Yother, J. (2000). Capsule Biosynthesis and Basic Metabolism in Streptococcus pneumoniae Are Linked through the Cellular Phosphoglucomutase. J. Bacteriol. 182: 1854-1863 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cartee, R. T., Forsee, W. T., Schutzbach, J. S., Yother, J. (2000). Mechanism of Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 3907-3914 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Tu, A.-H. T., Fulgham, R. L., McCrory, M. A., Briles, D. E., Szalai, A. J. (1999). Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Inhibits Complement Activation by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 67: 4720-4724 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hayakawa, K., Asano, M., Shinton, S. A., Gui, M., Allman, D., Stewart, C. L., Silver, J., Hardy, R. R. (1999). Positive Selection of Natural Autoreactive B Cells. Science 285: 113-116 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Boes, M., Prodeus, A. P., Schmidt, T., Carroll, M. C., Chen, J. (1998). A Critical Role of Natural Immunoglobulin M in Immediate Defense Against Systemic Bacterial Infection. J. Exp. Med. 188: 2381-2386 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Briles, D. E., Tart, R. C., Swiatlo, E., Dillard, J. P., Smith, P., Benton, K. A., Ralph, B. A., Brooks-Walter, A., Crain, M. J., Hollingshead, S. K., McDaniel, L. S. (1998). Pneumococcal Diversity: Considerations for New Vaccine Strategies with Emphasis on Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA). Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 11: 645-657 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McDaniel, L. S., McDaniel, D. O., Hollingshead, S. K., Briles, D. E. (1998). Comparison of the PspA Sequence from Streptococcus pneumoniae EF5668 to the Previously Identified PspA Sequence from Strain Rx1 and Ability of PspA from EF5668 To Elicit Protection against Pneumococci of Different Capsular Types. Infect. Immun. 66: 4748-4754 [Abstract] [Full Text]
McNamara, M., Ward, R., Kohler, H (1984). Monoclonal idiotope vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Science 226: 1325-1326 [Abstract]
Forsee, W. T., Cartee, R. T., Yother, J. (2000). Biosynthesis of Type 3 Capsular Polysaccharide in Streptococcus pneumoniae. ENZYMATIC CHAIN RELEASE BY AN ABORTIVE TRANSLOCATION PROCESS. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 25972-25978 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Cartee, R. T., Forsee, W. T., Jensen, J. W., Yother, J. (2001). Expression of the Streptococcus pneumoniae Type 3 Synthase in Escherichia coli. ASSEMBLY OF TYPE 3 POLYSACCHARIDE ON A LIPID PRIMER. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 48831-48839 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Xu, Y., Ma, M., Ippolito, G. C., Schroeder, H. W. Jr., Carroll, M. C., Volanakis, J. E. (2001). Complement activation in factor D-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 14577-14582 [Abstract] [Full Text]